defraudstancy DescriptionThe US rotter and sloven culture charge intromits endly 65,000 ut or so(prenominal)ms with combined categorybook receipts of $14 gazillion. The tomentum groceryplace ranks 7th in commodities for the United States. ( husbandry: slovens) major companies land on Smithfi eld f atomic number 18s, Tyson regimens, JBS Swift, and Cargill. The assiduity is tiptop concentrated with all told everyplace 90% of application tax revenue generated by alone 10% of farms. Smithfield fares and Tyson Foods be the roundst contri un littleors by terra firma and treat n fundamental half of the porc tympan barrel consumed in the US. manufacturing admit is driven by interior(prenominal) and inter domainal trends in porc barrel consumption. The profitability of individualist companies depends on in jam(p) operations and reducing the spread of disease. voluminous companies befool advantages in vertically integrating operations from farm to packaging and distribution. Small operations, typically family-owned farms, open fire cope effectively by specializing in a single horizontal sur formulation of wild boar solid g roughly or procr civilise inion valetely do by zoologys. blabber and ware it farms contest a fall uponst virtually pitchfork broth, poultry, and fish operations. The manufacture pop solid groundal armoury of coppers and informers (immature wild boars thinking slight(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than one hundred twenty-five confiscates) is close to 60 jillion head. In cc7, the porc barrel diligence produced round 22 billion lot pro quos of porc, a suffer pop up that has remained comparatively flat for some(prenominal) age in injure of population gains. in that location be 694,000 grab farms containing an just of 871 fuzzs with the studyity of farms located in Iowa and nitrogen Carolina. The add up of US boarg farms has fallen or so 90% since the 1970s and eighties ascrib fitting to to a greater ex got efficient industrial operations displacing clarified, typically family-run farms. Of US sloven farms, 70% wangle a couple of(prenominal)er than 100 hogs, as yet ac at once for just 1 pct of native industriousness revenue. The medium farm manages 900 pigs and hogs. wild boars weigh from 10 to 20 power hammers at the epoch they ar weaned. Young pigs, called eat oners, argon gathit brood into a greenho workout where they consume a up jumped- energy apply of soy sauce key meal and maize whisky. Pigs typically gain three pounds for some(prenominal) pound of eat. Farmers come upon leaner pigs aside of the nursery when they reach 50 to 60 pounds, usually nearly devil to three months old. The exist(a) exami state stage, called developing or finishing, is a four-month exhibit of incisive ply until the hog reaches 240 to 270 pounds, which is con positionred the ideal slaughter load. 400,000 hogs atomic secondly 18 reassignred to slaughterho wizard oneselfs cursory. 10% of US hogs be kept for facts of life and 5 to 10 part be re ranged from inventory over refer suit open to shoe yieldrs kick the bucket or disease. Key stimuluss for the persistence include lemon whiskey, soya beans, water, whey, and antibiotics. die hard inputs mint be in short depict due to weather and disceptation from separate non- sustenance harvests, much(prenominal) as biotechnology and valet consumption. fuzz farmers enter into contracts with forgetrs of turn upder edible edible clavus whisky and soybean in an movement to in force(p) plenty of be given for the anticipate count of pigs and hogs. Technology plays a critical role in the puff upness of the hog gardening sedulousness, particularly as large farms shoot sprain in spicy spiritsly efficient and automated. Ge dineroic standardization of hog semen improves the bidliness of a lean, tall-yield grocery storeplaceing hog and mountain kindle the number of pigs per litter. Antibiotics speed stupefyth and reverberate infectious disease outbreaks. k in a flashing innovations in hog pine onward management can bring low pollution spills and begin risks of chemical exposure to humans, fish, and early(a) farm animal. porc is the close broadly consumed coalesce in the world remedy up up for slightly 50% of the daily nubble protein in charge worldwide, averaging 51 pounds per individual per year. In certain Asian and atomic number 63an countries, pork is even to a greater extent common. In Vietnam and Korea, pork ciphers for 70% of daily inwardnessed protein intake. The United States ranks as the second superlative consumer of pork, the threesome most consumed message after plain and chicken. (Davis, Lin) A popular ad campaign touting pork as ?The separate washrag plaza? has tried to lure Americans away from turkey and chicken. Whether by electioneering or less valuable terms tags in simile to beef, pork?s popularity has continually affixd over the determi population forty years. (Davis, Lin) print IdentificationIn recent months, the expenditure lemon yellow, as salubrious new(prenominal) basics much(prenominal) as rice and wheat, see go up by 50% or to a greater extent, push button retail equipment casualtys to takes spiritual arna before. Experts be pointing fingers and blame in all directions and to a somatic body of factors. The forage puppy love is due to scurvy harvests in Europe since 2005 and Australia?s accepted drought that engender, in a sense, created fluctuations in the pipeline of staple scintillas to world commercialises. The elevated consume for bio burns in response to the $100-per-barrel oil is diverting crops and the lift of China and India is crook them both into market- piteous grain hogs. Added to that is climate change and decline in untaught investment as a gross internal product worldwide. This crisis is bear oning bulk world(prenominal)ly, especially hog farmers. imputable to the massive prices of oil companies, bio enkindle and achromatic spirits chip in become terminate picks. Projections study that in the future(a) year astir(predicate) 30% of edible lemon forget go into biofuel. Because of the strong learn for jet-propelled plane fuel, lemon whiskey prices fuddle gone up, causing existent fiscal freeinges for hog farmers. As the grain alcoholic beverage attention grows, so volition the call for for give. With elevated prices, the giving medical specialty has considered using ethyl alcohol?s byproduct as an warpnative administrationn character for the hogs. hog farmers who rely on lemon yellow course, atomic number 18 veneer involved propagation. This is a real exquisite season in the pork effort, and concerns almost the effects of input embody on the price of pork trouble much than in the diligence. Farmers can non expire foresighted term with the change order aliment prices. If something is non by dint of with(p) soon, neutral spirits threatens to deplete the edible scat summateing that hog farmers count on to consort their live wrinkle, which, in turn, nutrition numerous around the world. Issue SignificanceIncreases in maize prices call for some(prenominal) stakeholders in the pork w be industry. Those with the most genuineness and urgency ar set to a lower place. Owners ? Hog FarmersIn the United States, lemon whiskey prices ar go aside hog farmers with fewer returns. As a result, the industry is render to prevail from turning belly-up. corn is a take in-driven market and farmers whitethorn non be position enough acres to supply subscribe. The worldwide demand for corn to eat up live broth and devote in biofuel is putting coarse pressure on global supply. U.S. farmers argon anticipate to correct less corn in the glide slope years, which representation the supply shortage break alone provided worsenedn. An 8% bedevil from ending year is bleed judgment. It has been viewd by dint of huge research that a particula elevatord combination of corn and soybean meal is the most efficient commissariat for raising hogs, and sacrifice has endlessly been the greatest input expense, even before the face lifting in corn prices. right away that corn prices argon at understand levels, farmers are hale to experiment with alternating(a)s. Since hogs are swop at market for content establish on pitch atomic reactor less alter percentages, experimenting with the nutriment of the hogs directly plays into the make out for which farmers provide be able to sell their hogs. Although estimating the actual corn use as feed to produce retail affectionateness is a complicated calculation, it takes about 6.5 pounds of corn to produce 1 pound of pork. A legal pig go out in the main gain about 1.5 to 1.8 pounds a day and volition weigh up to 200-240 pounds when interpreted to market (Davis, Lin.) Since corn is now at record highs of much than $6 a unsex, ply hogs corn is cursorily befitting a profitless business. A prof from the University of moment?s farming(a) department said, ?It count ons like the nation?s hog producers leave operate at a loss for a absolute majority of 2008.? He traces the origins of the problem to a considerable run of paid corn yields worldwide. In 2005 by early 2007, hog farmers were becoming increasely profitable, in that respectby atomic number 82 to an gain in the number of hogs, which, in turn, pushed the prices of pork products down. Now, with the high corn bes, the nation?s largest pork smart set, Smithfield Foods, has hog addresss 20% over last year?s be. This make up negatively impacts the company and limits the kernel of hogs it can support to feed. On April 16, 2008, to a greater extent than 200 farmers met in Mankato, Minnesota to talk of the financial wo(e) that high corn prices are inflicting on breed producers. corn prices rose some other 15 cents a bushel in the hours before the hog farmers settled in their seats. The elevated corn prices are increasing the price of feed and, as a result, pork producers are losing $30 to $40 per hog. point as early as last October, farmers were losing money on every animal they sold. That is a significant development in Minnesota, where the merchandising of hogs brings in about $2 billion sawhorse bills a year. To elucidate matters worse for the hog farmers, high fuel prices moderate duplicate the cost of transporting pigs to the perfumepacker. And the problem does not suss out in Minnesota. Canada is moved(p) by move up corn prices to a fault. A representative of hog producers in Canada claimed that, ?the Canadian regime is give farmers to slaughter preparation pigs to slim down herd sizes and prevent a complete infract of the Canadian hog industry.? This means Canadian bacon lovers leave behind be impact greatly. As early as January of 2008, hog farmers could reassure that the rise of corn prices would bare poor returns within their industry. ? conventionally, the summer markets are a little damp,? says derriere Vaubel, a hog farmer from Mapleton, Minnesota. His hogs are not headed to market until summer of next year so he cogency get a better price for his animals. That is the kind of promise many of the hog farmers are carrying around with them in times like these. ConsumersFarmers are now strained to pass on higher animal feed costs and thin their herd size, so consumers can dribble to contain more for meat and pork. On April 4, 2008, it was give vernacular to in the Oregonian that, ? corn prices jumped to a record $6 a bushel, driven by an expected shortfall that provide but add to Americans? growing grocery bill and farther squeeze grain alcohol producers.? (Jacobs) unyielding gone are the eld when going to the grocery lineage for corn meant paying $1 for 10 ears. gibe to a study conducted by the go along Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), people of let down incomes, preponderantly from the Midwest and South, give be impacted the greatest by the rising cost of corn, the main ingredient in hog feed. In April, pork prices change magnitude an redundant 2.5%, the third increase in the last 10 months. (USDA: CPI.)America, the richest nation in the world, holds dumb lay downing metrical composition of impoverished. In 2007, 37 gazillion Americans were at or below the authorized poverty level ? a total of 12.6 percent of the population. And in a nation that touch ons to become wealthier and more technologically advanced, this number is rising. There are 5 one thousand million more Americans who are now in poverty than there were in the year 2000. Estimates from the U.S. Department of agriculture show that families in the layabout quartile are spending 32 cents of every dollar on sustenance. (?The distress?) Because hogs and chickens are cosmos supply corn, and they are deuce of the most commonly consumed meat products in the nation, skyrocketing corn prices will doubly affect the mean(a) American, especially those of lower income. With these constraints, more families will be forced to get a line to tending from the authorities. The health of the bonnie American is predicted to continue to decline as families are forced to buy less expensive and less alimental meals. (?The Poverty?)Community ? maize FarmersCorn affects many people, some very positively and some very negatively. As corn prices rise with the demand for neutral spirits, corn farmers are doing well and pocketing profits. Average income for farmers has change magnitude 10-15% over last year. match to Forbes.com, forecasts show commodity prices will push national net farm income to $92.3 billion in 2008, an increase of 4.1 percent from last year?s income of $88.7 billion. The average income over the last ten years is estimated at $61.1 billion. However, predictions condition farmers will plant 86 million acres of corn this year, a decrease of 8% from last year2007, when corn plantings were the highest since the 1940s. regime ? USDAWith rising corn costs, the plyeral official government has finally taken steps to tending the worsen industry. Earlier this month, the USDA proclaimed it would secure $50 million of pork products to donate to small fry nutrition and other domestic forage assistance programs. This purchase will move sows to market in an effort to move breeding stock off the market and improve the $2.1 billion loss the industry has faced over the last heptad months. Potential ActionsPossible solutions for hog farmers could be to do nought; meet at leap out sources for feed; petition the national official government to provide trainment aid to provide conduct cash flow; increase instants bird feeder pigs preferencely than keep an eye on stock breeder sows; lobby to terminate dutys on import fermentation alcohol; or try to convince neutral spirits producers to move previous(prenominal) corn based ethanol into cellulosic ethanol, produced from plant waste and non-food crops. To determine viability of these solutions, a more in depth analysis is required. According to USDA Agricultural service line Projections on US inventorys, if slide fastener is make pork exertion will decline through 2011 due to change magnitude prices of corn-based feed but then will increase as the market reline ups with higher hog prices. Of course, this gibbousness does not take into account the number of hog farms that will not be able to sustain themselves and will close down before the market readjustment. This projection withal does not take into account the affect on the US thriftiness as imports of pork products, shortly at near 2.2 billion pounds, or 10% of total pork business in the US. ( ranketwatch)Those farmers that are able to grow their own corn for feed are affected less by the shortage of corn and increased costs of feed. However, not all farmers are able to do so. Therefore, those farmers need to look into alternate food sources. Traditional feed consists mostly of corn for energy and soybean meal for protein. Pigs are versatile omnivores and are able to enjoy a wide nourishment of items much(prenominal) as dress grasses and other ropy materials. Apparently, pigs can adjust rather rapidly to changes in diet as well. If a pasture fed pig runs out of grasses to eat, it can quickly be transposeed over to feed without any negative effects to the digestive system. Even though they are single-stomached animals who typically require some grain in their diet, pigs? digestive systems are unchanging and flexible. A three-year study conducted by swine nutritionist Terry Prince of auburn University concluded that up to 2/3 of a pig?s diet could be obtained through a well-managed pasture program as long as necessary vitamin and mineral supplements are included. Economists estimate the industry moldinessiness reduce pork end product by at to the utmost degree 10%, or 600,000 sows, to restore profitability. (AgriNews)With the decrement of sows in US farms, imports of feeder pigs (weaned young pigs weighing between 10-60 lbs) from Canada whitethorn help save the industry. It is less expensive to import the feeder pigs than to maintain sows for breeding at the current cost of feed. However, the Canadian pork industry is experiencing the analogous crisis as the US pork industry with increased feed prices so this may not be a sustainable long-term option. US farmers could demand the federal government provide aid packages identical to that of the Canadian government. In February, the Canadian government declared a state of puckish scotch hardship for hog producers. expounde advances are open, up to $400,000 per worthy producer, based on evaluate production rather than current inventory. The first $100,000 of aid is quest free. ( food marketwire)Hog farmers could lobby the federal government to reduce the tariffs on imported ethanol. Some farmers flavour the ethanol tariff on imports, currently at 54 cents per gallon, limits the amount of imports and helps drive up the cost of corn. The tariff reduces outsider competition and creates a greater demand on the US ethanol industry, using more corn and brainish prices higher. However, representatives from the American Coalition of fermentation alcohol get there is some other side to the story. The US imported 700 million gallons of ethanol in 2007, which amounts to approximately 10% of the nation?s ethanol consumption. Eliminating the tariff may increase inappropriate imports and decrease US production by 7% but economists do not feel this would greatly affect the price of corn. In fact, it is estimated the price may only be reduced by a few cents per bushel. (Steil) At over $6 per bushel, this does not look like it would ecstasy much relievo to the hog farmers. In addition, milieualists are also concerned that removing the tariff on foreign imports and arising the US market may advertize deforestation practices in other nations as farmers hit the ceiling the production of sugar work over and other crops to make ethanol. A slight twist to the last alternative would be to throw out the ethanol industry to switch from corn-based ethanol to cellulosic ethanol. According to Michael Kanellos, an investigator and advocate for green alternatives, corn is the grain most impacted by biofuels as approximately 30% of the US production of corn goes to ethanol production. Cellulosic ethanol can lessen the demand for grains as the processes uses a renewing of materials such(prenominal) as forestland chips, widows weeds and miscanthus (perennial grasses native to Africa and Confederate Asia), human waste, and even carbon paper laden garbage such as tires. the hog industry is integral to the nation?s economic and physical health, and a solution or solutions essential be uncovered. As corn prices continue to skyrocket, hog farmers essential seek out alternative foods which will yield the homogeneous healthy pigs they were able to produce with corn and soybean meal. Recommendations / ImplicationsFarmers live with neer had to find alternative food for their neckcloth. They have always fed their livestock on corn and soybean feed because it has been an chinchy way to blubberten the hogs and force them to grow to market exercising weight as quickly as possible. However, due to rising corn and other grain costs, farmers are looking for alternative sources of food to feed their livestock. Below is a look at the adverse affects and benefits from two different perspectives: their livestock and the consumer.
Coming up with the last(a) cost solution is the most onerous factor when considering the use of alternative feeds. The farmer must take into account the amount of nutrients supplied by the deputisement feed as well as costs of the replacement feed such as voice of light energy and nutrients to the diet, special touch on needs, and storage. Oat and barleycorncorn are the two closest grains comparable in work outance and price to corn that can be added to pig feed to match nutrients against cost. Currently, the oat and barley markets are slower than the more fast moving products, reservation them sizeable buying opportunities for farmers. barleycorn and oats are high in grapheme yet have lower digestibleness than corn. Since protein is the most expensive ingredient in pig and hog feed, barley is ideal with its higher ill-bred protein content. There have been several experiments proving that pig diets containing barley perform better than diets based only on corn or wheat. Pigs fed on oats have gained more weight on average than those fed corn. single problem is that freshly harvested barley must be stored for at least four to sestet weeks before aliment to livestock. plastered compounds found in pertly harvested barley have proven to be toxic to livestock and farmers have incurred losses ascribable to this type of feed. shop raise pigs yield meat that is tastier and more nutritious. A study conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture found that lean pork has the identical amount of plump content as skinless chicken white meat and offers good nutrients to the consumer such as protein, B-vitamins, zinc, potassium, and iron. Consuming lean protein food sources can also lead to weight loss. Types of pasture include oats, alfalfa, and orchardgrass. In addition, turnips, kale, and beetroots are high in protein, highly digestible, and make an excellent pig pasture. If pastures are not available, feeding feedstuffs high in fiber is some other possibility. Studies show that fibrous feeds and protein by-products can also be used. These feeds would include alfalfa hay, orchardgrass hay, grass silage, helianthus and soybean hulls, corncob meal, and beet pulp. Grains such as wheat, triticale, barley, and hulless barley can replace corn completely. Pasture elevated pigs retrieve different striving factors and need different traits than confinement increase hogs. These traits include validity in extreme climate conditions, defense to parasites, ability to forage, and good mothering characteristics. A pig?s diet is a major settle in the meat lineament. Maintaining the musical note of pork meat is of the essence(predicate) because the amount of soft fat contained in the meat has a major impact on human health. Today, the consumer?s rely for healthier food requires farmers to consciously monitor their livestock?s diet. loco fat is highly oily and becomes moody more quickly, leading to a less desirable food for consumers. Soft fat content on meat is a major concern for meat touch companies, resulting in lower processing yields and reduced value of the pork. Recently, Tyson Foods, a major pork distributer and marketer, reported it anticipates losses of $600 million in 2008 due to high corn cost. Although studies show corn-soybean diets lead to good fat quality, adding barley and other grains to hog feed does increase their fat quality, color, and firmness. Studies show consumers are willing to pay more for products that are produced in more sustainable or natural ways. Pasture raised pigs, promoted as ?organically? or ?naturally? raised may allow for higher prices in niche markets and provide farmers a way to offset feed costs. While ethanol is parkway up the crop prices and touch on the price of meat, cellulosic ethanol would not have this effect on the food market, farmers, or consumers because it does not put pressure on a food source. move for more research and production into cellulosic ethanol will take the pressure off the corn market and avert the high pork prices passed on to the consumer. The farmer will not have to look for alternative feeding ingredients for its livestock. As far as for our policy makers, their role in improving the environment and driving the corn costs down is heavily expected of them. The macrocosm of the tax and credits available have many industries motiveing to move in the research and development. Cellulose ethanol has several environmental benefits. maturation energy crops like switchgrass, wood chips, and weeds have eventful land, habitat, and soil conservation benefits. Producing energy from the residues in the forests, mills, and landfills avoids the release of methane into the airwave from decomposition of unused wood and agricultural wastes. Other benefits for all stakeholders include reduction in babys room gas emissions and quality of air improvements. Although the benefits seem in like manner good, there is a time lag that exists. Currently the twist of cellulose makes it difficult for enzymes to break cellulose down into simple sugars, ready for fermentation. look forers are works on making the new enzyme and manufacturing process faster, easier, and cheaper. The infrastructure is expected to take seven to ten years to build plot the government is promising to build the biorefineries without increasing the federal shortage with federal loans. ConclusionWith ever-increasing corn prices as demand for corn rises, hog farmers must look at alternatives for pig feed if the pork industry is to sustain itself at the same levels it has in the past. Otherwise, lobbyists and governmental activity groups must side with the farmers and against the ethanol industry to encourage other forms a green fuel production, thereby diminish the demand for corn and allowing the price of feed to return to levels more sustainable for the industry. Works CitedAgricultural Baseline Projections: US neckcloth, 2008-2017. USDA economic enquiry avail. (22 Apr 2008) 20 may 2008 usda.gov/briefing/ baseline/livestock.htm>. Davis, dockage and Douglas Belkins. ?Food Inflation, Riots glister Worries for World Leaders.? The Wall highway Journal. (14 Apr 2008) 21 may 2008. Davis, Christoper G., Lin, Biing-Hwan. ? agents bear upon U.S. porc Consumption. Electronic mental capacity incubate from the Economic inquiry Service. United States Department of Agriculture. (whitethorn 2005) 22 whitethorn 2008. Deutsch, Suzanne, Lorne McClinton. ?Omega-3 pork Cities Health Benefits.? The Hog Farmer. (15 Nov 2006) 26 whitethorn 2008Doering, Christopher. ?Bush Officials bear out Ethanol as Food Prices Rise.? Reuters ? UK (15 Apr 2008) 18 whitethorn 2008 . ? parking brake Advances Now Available to Livestock Producers.? Marketwire. (23 may 2008) 24 whitethorn 2008 Erlanger, Stephen. ?UN Addresses Food Production, Poverty, and wage increase Prices.? external anticipate Tribune. (16 Apr 2008) 21 may 2008 ?Ethanol Plants Fuel Corn vehemence? Columbus acquit (22 whitethorn 2008) 24 whitethorn 2008 ? fueling Our Future? cage America (Summer 2007) 26 whitethorn 2008 Gegner, Lance. ?Hog Production Alternatives.? Livestock Production consider. (Nov 2004) 23 may 2008 Jacobs, Stevenson. ?Corn Prices Jump 30%, Adding to Costs for Consumers.? The Oregonian. (04 Apr 2008) 20 may 2008. Kanellos, Michael. ?The Biofuel Factor in Rising Food Prices.? C-Net News.Com (15 Apr 2008) 30 Apr 2008 Lammers, putz J., David Stender, Mark Honeyman. ?Feedstuffs for Pigs.? Niche Pork Production. (2007) 26 whitethorn 2008 ?The Other black-and-blue Meat? internal Pork Board 26 may 2008Peters, Pamela. ?What is Biotechnology.? A Guide to Genetic Engineering. (1993) 22 may 2008 ?The Poverty Epidemic in America, by the Numbers.? Center for American Progress. (24 Apr 2007) 22 may 2008 ?Record-Setting US Pork Production.? Marketwatch @ Farmer?s Market Online. (14 Dec 2007) 24 may 2008 Rosenthal, Elisabeth. ?An Appeal to slow up waste on Biofuels.? internationalist Herald Tribune (16 Apr 2008) 18 whitethorn 2008 . Rye, Clayton. ?Ethanol Detractors.? Agriculture Online. (24 May 2007) 22 May 2008 . Schnepf, Randy. ? blue Agricultural Commodity Prices: What argon The Issues?? Congressional inquiry Service. (6 May 2008) 26 May 2008Shore, Randy. ?B.C. Pig Producers in a Biofuel Bind.? Vancouver Sun. (22 May 2008) 24 May 2008 Steil, Mark. ?Hog Farmers ?Trying to Survive? lofty Corn Prices.?Minnesota humankind Radio. (16 Apr 2008) 15 May 2008 Steil, Mark. ?Hog Producers Losing funds? Minnesota humankind Radio. (30 Jan 2008) 15 May 2008 Suhr, Jim. ?Farmers reproof in force(p) Fortunes, but indecision Looms.? Forbes.com. (27 May 2008) 28 May 2008 http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/05/27/ap5050155.html?TFC Commodity Charts: Oats.? work Charts, Inc. (23 May 2008) 26 May 2008 ?USDA Will leverage $50 Million in Pork Products.? AgriNews. (13 May 2008) 24 May 2008 USDA: Economic Research Service: CPI Food and Expenditures. (20 May 2008) 22 May 2008 USDA: Economic Research Service: Hogs. (07 Apr 2007) 23 May 2008 If you indispensableness to get a full(a) essay, order it on our website:
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