Microsatellites

While previous studies get under one's skin shown a very low level of size vicissitude in DQCAR alleles inwardly a subfamily of HLA-DQ subtypes (DQ1), DQCAR alleles in non-(DQ1) subtypes showed a noble degree of polymorphism. Using sequence analysis, these researchers showed that DQ1-associated DQCAR alleles have a single(a) C to A nucleotide substitution interrupting a CA twin array. They also noted grass CA to GA sports in DQ1-associated microsatellites with identical allele sizes. DQCAR alleles associated with non-DQ1-associated haplotypes had perfect CA repeat sequences, and the variation seen in allele size was attri entirelyable to the difference of opinion in the number of CA repeats. These leads indicated that several mutational mechanisms argon involved in the generation of allelic diversity within the equivalent microsatellite locus. Different mutation rates at the same locus must therefore be taken into study when using microsatellites as markers in disease evolution studies.

bingle PCR primers complementary to microsatellite repeats were used to amplify genomic DNA samples from plants, mans, yeasts, and Escherichia coli. Most primers generated trenchant amplification products, which gave banding patterns on gel electrophoresis which acted as fingerprints for identifying them. However, some of the plant species primers produced fingerprints with the E, coli template DNA as well, and merely studies showed that these bands were generated by m

Shriver, M. D., Jin, L., Ferrell, R. E., & Deka, R. (1997). Microsatellite data complement an early population expansion in Africa. Genome Res., 7, pp. 586-591.

Microsatellite enrichment is thought to result from the accumulated effects of replication slippage mutations (Metzger, Bytof and Wills, 2000). Enrichment is assayed by comparing detect frequency to expected frequency from random association of nucleotides. Enrichment of microsatellites in non- tag sequences occurs for all microsatellite types in a similar exponential dash within the length of the microsatellite. However, in the coding region, repeats appear to be under much more stringent control.

Tri- and hexanucleotide repeats are put up consistently in significant excess over a wide range of lengths in both coding and non-coding regions, but other repeat types are much less frequent in coding than in non-coding regions. These findings suggest that differences between coding and non-coding microsatellite frequencies are due to a limited selection against frameshift mutations in coding regions, and that tri- and hexanucleotide repeats appear to be controlled primarily by mutation pressure.

Macaubas, C., Jin, L., Hallmayer, J., Kimura, A., & Mignot, E. (1997). The complex mutation pattern of a microsatellite. Genome Res., 7, pp. 635-641.

Deka, R., Jin, L., Shriver, M. D., Yu, L. M., Saha, N., Barrantes, R., Chakraborty, R., & Ferrell, R. E. (1996). Dispersion of human Y chromosome haplotypes based on five microsatellites in orbiculate populations. Genome Res., 6, pp. 1177-1184.

Mapping of the entire human genome is a complex and super time-consuming project. But mapping alone is only of schoolman importance: the real benefit of the mapping will be when the amino acid sequences can be assigned to specific genes, and the ladder of the various amino acid sequence along the gene can be determined. Functional units along the crease of a gene must be identified and their function
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